Fasting

Fasting literally means holding (Ruling). when he said a silent shaum. when a restrained eaters could also say he shaum and so on.
shaum later this term became more specific meaning. the hold of everything that has been determined, at any given time and are conducted by a certain.
Ramadan fasting is not mandatory except by consensus. when in addition to Ramadan fasting becomes mandatory, then it is because something is causing the obligatory fasting.such nadzar and others. argument is a hadith the Prophet Muhammad when asked by the a'rabi. SAW in his words: and fasting Ramadan. asked the a'rabi: is it mandatory for me other than the month ramadan? Prophet replied: no. unless you want to fast sunnah. (Narratives of Abu Hurairah, narrated by bukhari in chapter shaum 1899)


narrated by Abu Dawud dg sanadnya of 'Abdurrahman ibn Mu'adh ibn abi Laylah from mountain: modified fasting followed three changes. then said: the Prophet SAW first fast three days every month, and fasting 'Ashura'. then lower the gods: fasting obligatory upon you as required on those before you. at the time this verse was revealed, people are still free to choose between fast and not fast enough tidak.dan replace by feeding the poor every day.This lasted for a year, then a god lowered: in the month of Ramadan is when the Quran was sent as a guidance for mankind and an explanation of these and differentiating instruction.then when you see the moon, fast.
Fasting marked the exit of the dawn, and ends at sunset. as hadith prophet SAW: when the night comes from here, and the day is not visible from here, and the sunset from here, then the fasting person should break already. (Hadith 'Umar narrated by bukhari in chapter shaum 1954).
 
About Hilal
Ramadan fasting is not mandatory until you see the new moon. so that if an overcast day because they do not see the moon, then he must first perfect month Ramadhan. as narratives of Ibn 'abbas: fasted if you look at the new moon, and eat when you see it, if you are overwhelmed with doubt, then complete the period of months you're going through and do not face the months that you feel inside. (Hadith in Muslim history shiyam chapter)
Problem: if the matter was now thirty, and we thought the day was still the month Ramadhan, then proved that day have entered the month of Ramadan, then we must menqadha 'behind the day's fasting.
Problem: If you look at the new moon in one country, but did not see in other countries, the obligation of fasting a whole, or not limited to any country that saw the new moon. this case if the adjacent states. As for when far apart, then the obligation to look only at new moon only (see al-majmu 'Sharh muhadzab juz 5 p. 272)
About things that membatalkn fasting
A. eating and drinking.2. jima '(Sunday)3. istimna '(masturbation)4. to resort to vomiting5. dg bleed berbekam (err)6. menstruation and childbirth bleeding for women
On the Sunnah, the Sunnah for the fasting person
A. Dawn2. mengakhirkan dawn3. speed up the break (ifthar)4. pray when breaking dg prayer: Allahumma laka shumtu wa'ala rizqika afthartu5. Bersiwak6. feeding on people who are fasting are not able to

About the obligation of fasting
Fasting is obligatory for the Islamic baligh intelligent and capable as well as in a state of habitation in a place. so the crazy people, travelers, sick, babies, pregnant and lactating women are not obliged to fast.
Imam Nawawi in majmu 'Sharh muhadzab mentioned, the apostate is not obliged to fast. in a sense at the time of apostasy. so that apostates will continue to sin when not fasting during the apostasy. (See al-majmu 'Sharh muhadzab it. 249 juz 5)
As for the baby, he is not obliged to fast, as the hadith prophet SAW: pen lifted from three people. of the child until he baligh, from people who sleep until he woke up, and from people who are crazy until he was unconscious. (See majmu 'Sharh muhadzab juz 5. Case 250). but when it had reached nine years he was ordered to begin implementing the fast, and struck a light blow dg when he left it at age ten. This hadith dg diqiyaskan prayer. when the baby was baligh, he is not obliged menqadha 'fasting is left to his childhood.
so crazy fasting is not required. or when he's crazy then realized he was not obliged menqadha 'remained fasting during this gilanya.hal see hadith diriwaytkan by' Aisha above.
as for the people who pass out, then he must menqadha 'when he realized. it is the word of God: he who ill or traveling, then count on another day. unlike fainting crazy. for as the words of Imam Nawawi, crazy is a shortage (Naqsh) that it is in the hadith 'A'isha above, while the unconscious is a disease that causes the entry to the generality of paragraph (al-Baqarah).
opinions about the crazy details are as follows: by Abu Ishaq al-syairazi people who have fainted menqadha '. This opinion was narrated by Al-Mawardi and abnu shabagh and in others from Ibn suraij. al-Mawardi said: Ibn suraij schools is not true. As for the opinion of Abu Hanifa and Imam Shafi'i and fuqaha 'else: people are not crazy when he obliged qadha conscious. opinion is that we use. There are other schools of Sufyan atsauri: if people are mad aware of in the middle month of Ramadan, then he must menqadha 'half months passed without fasting. and if he realized after the end of the month Ramadan, then he's not making up those obligatory '.
Problem: if there are apostates and then he was crazy, then he must menqadha 'everything.means when he converted to Islam, the day that diqadha 'dg is not reduced during the murtad.karena crazy when he's mad in a state of apostasy, while the original law of apostasy should fast when the apostate back to Islam. This opinion was narrated by Imam rafi'i.
Problem: if the people who are embracing Islam in the middle of the day in the month of Ramadan, then keep heathen in sunatkan not to eat until the completion of the day. this is the respect of time (hurma al-waqt). and the heathen shall not menqadha 'fasting is left behind during kafirnya person. it is based on the word of God: let's say for the infidels to cease (from disbelief), it will be forgiven what has passed.
About fasting women
People who menstruation and childbirth must menqadha 'fasting when they are holy. as a history of 'Aisha: we are instructed to menqaha' fasting and not in order to menqadha 'fasting.(Hadith narrated by Muslim no. 336)
As for the breakdown of law is not compulsory even those that are haram menstruation or childbirth to fast. if the person in the middle of the day menstruation holy time of fasting, then he is in sunahkan for Ruling (hold as people who are fasting) until the completion of the day.Abu Hanifah and auza'i and atsauri regard shall Ruling, as well as the author of 'iddah. As for the opinion that we use are from the Imam Shafi'i about it is not obligatory.
Problem: if the fasting state of a woman putting water in her genitals, then canceled its obligations menqadha fast '. Thus mu'tabar opinion in schools. (See discussion alifta dar-fasting)
About the intentions
Not valid if without the intention of fasting as the narratives of 'Umar: that every action depends on his intentions. intention obligation is on each day. it is because fasting is worship performed at dawn, and finished when the sun tenggelanya. shah not fasting in Ramadan if the intention began at noon as the narratives of Hafsah: he who is not his intention to start in the evening there is no fasting on the day trersebut. (Narrated by Tirmidhi in chapter shaum no 730)
Problem: is okay if his intention together with the advent of dawn? said scholars syafi'iah: at the same time allow the intention of dawn appeared. it is because fasting is worship. and worship together with the start of his intention to worship them. and the fasting begins sat dawn, the dawn was so intent on allow.
Intent required specialized works. in the case of fasting, the person must intend that the intention of fasting for the month of Ramadan. this is referred to in the hadith umar: for everyone is what the intention (innama likullim ma ri in Nawa)
Problem: if the people who are fasting for the next day's menstruation before the cessation of blood, then blood was actually stopped at night, then said al-baghawi: if it is the custom of the cessation of blood in the evening, the shah puasanya.karena if night stop, lunch at the sacred count.
About kesunahan breaking
Disunahkan break begins with the date or any food that has a sweet taste, if not find a food with a sweet tooth then disunahkan begins with water. argument is the hadith narrated by Ibn 'Amir: rasululah SAW said: if you break the fast with dates then berbukalah, if not found, then berbukalah with water. for surely it is holy water. (Narrated by Abu Dawood in chapter shaum 2345)
on Making up '
If someone owes money on Ramadan month, it should not be mengakhirkan qadha 'it until the next Ramadan comes. So that if something like this, it required him to pay a mud per day diqadha d 'for the last month. narratives as Abu Huraira: whoever put off making up 'ramadan ramadan to come next, then he is obliged to fast for the month of Ramadan with dg those who fast, and he was obliged menqadha' ramadan months ago by paying the mud for the poor.Problem: if mengakhirkannya because there is such a pain udzur sustained until the next Ramadan comes, the only diwajibgkan qadha '. This is the opinion of Abu Hurayrah and ibn 'abbas and' atha 'bin abi Rabbah.
Problem: in menqadha 'Ramadan is required to be sequential or separate? said scholars syafi'iah: disunahkan sequence. but if separate suffice.
Problem: It is permissible according to syafi'iah menqadha 'Ramadan fasting in any month and the day before entering the next Ramadan tekecuali Day' id and tasyriq. and not dimakruhkan when menqadha 'in day / month at home in makruhkan.
Problem: if a person possessed of debt Ramadan month, and did not get menqadha 'to die from, then tafshil (detail): if he does not menqadha' because udzur eg prolonged illness to death, it is not mandatory for any family. but if for menqadha 'no udzur, then the family must mngeluarkan of mud per day.
About Sahur and Iftar
Law of dawn is the sunna, the hadith the prophet Muhammad as narrated by Anas: sahurlah you all. because in every meal is a blessing there. (In riwayatkan by Muslim in al-dawn fashl chapter No. 1090)
Meal time is from midnight until dawn. and disunahkan mengakhirkan dawn, as the prophet SAW hadith narrated by Abu Dhar: my Ummah is always in its favor if they speed up and mengakhiran iftar meal. (Narrated by Ahmad in musnadnya no 21 370)
About jima 'during Ramadan
if fasting canceled because jima ', then it is obligatory for him to menqadha' dg pay kafarah 'udzma. because if people are sick and travelers were told to menqadha ', then the people who jima' more must be ordered again because tidk the 'udzur. and obliged him to hold (Ruling) until sunset because the people who jima 'without breaking dg' udzur .. For kafarah: compulsory only for men because of the dowry diqiyaskan
kafarah was a freeing of a slave, if not capable, fast two consecutive months, if not able, to feed sixty poor people.
About to eat / drink in a state of forgetting
If a person who is fasting to eat / drink in a state of forgetting, then his fast is void. as the hadith of Abu Hurayrah from the Prophet SAW: any who eat / drink in a state of forgetting, then his fast is void. indeed it is the god of good luck given by (hadith narrated by Tirmidhi in shaum chapter 721)
Problem: if people are breaking because they do not know, then no problem dg fast. because of lack of curiosity udzur calculated.
Problem: if a man who was forced to break his fast fast so the food is up to the throat, then his fast is void because the fasting person was in a tight squeeze.
About Safar
If people who intend to travel fast, so if the journey is more than 82 km in allow breaking. but if the journey to perform immoral, it is haram according to scholars syafi'iah break. it is based on the hadith of ibn hamzah amru, said: Allah's Apostle SAW yes, is there a fast way?Messenger SAW said: if you want to fasted, and if if you are not pleased then berbukalah.(Hadith narrated by bukhari in chapter shaum 1942) in addition to the three schools of Hanbali, requires breaking the current bolehnyaSafar Safar ie, if the start before dawn out. As for after leaving the dawn, then it should not break unless circumstances force for it. Hence, breaking the state of Safar is permissible with two conditions:A. distance of 82 km2. starts its journey before the dawn out
About bathing in the sea
Bathing in the sea did not break the fast. abu yusuf said magnifying Hanafi madhhab that bathing in the sea because of thirst, resulting in a cold stomach does not invalidate the fast.mentioned in the hadith of the prophet Muhammad: Prophet SAW that spraying water on his head and he was in a state of fasting. (See the dar al-IFTA shaum discussion)
About junub when fasting
Fasting is permissible even though the initial sighting of the morning while in a state junub. as the narratives of 'Aisha: The Prophet entered the dawn when the state is not a ihtilam dawn, and he was still fasting. (Hadith narrated by bukhari in chapter shaum 1931)
About something that is put into the mouth
everything that is put into the mouth does not break the fast while not get into the throat. thus allowed to brush your teeth, gargling, etc.. but if to get into the throat so fast is void (see No. 757 by fitr be given? Azhar Sheikh Hasan Ma'mun)
About Dzan (presumptive)
if the meal when the dawn of time has not arrived dg suspicion after dawn, but it turns out he's actually dawn after dawn, then canceled his fast. it is due to al-dzan, not al-yaqin.karena the rules: He 'ibrata Bial-dzanni al-bayyin khata'uhu. (See no azhar fatwa by sheikh ahmad huraidi 765)
About the elderly and sick
Parents are allowed to break their inability to fast dg dg ransom terms. dg fidyah paid to the poor to feed the mud every day for the fast left behind. so does the pain continued, so the situation is very weak then allowed to break the change dg ransom, it's based on the word of God: God wants to give ease, and do not want to give trouble. (See azhar fatwa by sheikh jadulhaq 1137)